Beginning in 1948, the USSR made use of radio jamming to prevent its citizens from listening to political broadcasts of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the Voice of America (VOA) and other western radio programs, such as Radio Free Europe, and even the Deutsche Welle, Radio Vatican, and Kol Israel.Jamming was initially attempted by means of superimposed random speech which mimicked station interference. Due to the ineffectiveness of this method, however, a move was later made to generate random noise to obscure human speech. From the early 1970s, satellites generating swinging carrier signals were used to interfere even more effectively.Nevertheless, people continued to try to listen to Western broadcasts. In fact, they were unable to jam these signals (excluding Radio Free Europe) at all from 1963-1968, and from 1973-1980. The jamming stopped in 1988 (Radio Free Europe was, however, unblocked in August 1991). As the USSR began to fall in the 1980s, the radio organisation of the USSR began to shut down as private services were introduced and the USSR's stations were relaunched and refocused.
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